Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous illness that typically develops in childhood and is characterised by coughing, wheezing, and rapid airway response to a variety of environmental stimuli. Bronchial allergies encompass a wide range of manifestations and endotypes.

Asthma immunopathogenesis involves a large number of immune cells, as well as the airway epithelium and both innate and adaptive immunological components. In order to cure asthma, you must first understand its immunology.

Asthma is becoming a major global public health issue. The annual prevalence of severe asthma attacks in adults is estimated to range from 1% to 21%, with over 20% in children aged 6–7 years.

Asthma prevalence varies greatly across the globe, ranging from 0.2 percent to 21.0 percent in adults and from 2.8 percent to 37.6 percent in children aged 6 to 7. New asthma phenotyping and endotyping, as well as better patient classification utilising machine learning and big data, have significantly improved asthma treatment outcomes in both children and adults.

In severe asthma, several research groups have produced cluster analyses of phenotypes and endotypes. These clusters indicate the importance of disease heterogeneity in asthma and point to differences in pathophysiologic mechanisms that distinguish these groups. Serum immunoglobulin, fractional excretion of nitric oxide, and blood eosinophils are some of the biomarkers for asthma. For the treatment of severe asthma, the Food and Drug Administration has approved five biologicals.

Author (s) Details

Andrew Kiboneka
Department of Paediatrics, Case Hospital, Uganda.

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